The report The Effects of Wind Power on Human Interests (report number 6545) was published in 2012. Since then, much has happened both in terms of technological development and in terms of the state of knowledge about wind power’s impact on its surroundings related to the expansion of wind power over the past decade.
The purpose of this report is to provide an updated, supplemented and summarized version of the publication The Effects of Wind Power on Human Interests.
The goal of this updated report is:
- to refer back to the original in the parts that are still relevant,
- to supplement with new knowledge based on the current state of knowledge and new political objectives.
Content and structure of the report
This updated version of The Effects of Wind Power on Human Interests summarizes, analyzes and evaluates existing international and national research on wind power’s impact on human interests. The report presents and analyzes current research on the impact of wind power developments on human health and illness, financial impacts and activities, as well as landscapes and research on human participation in the development process.
Chapter Summaries: Planning for a renewable energy source
The chapter introduces Sweden’s goals for renewable energy, the permit and planning process, the concept of landscape and democracy, as well as the conditions for civic influence.
In 2016, the Swedish parliament set a goal that electricity production will be 100 percent renewable by 2040. The goal is general and not aimed at any particular type of energy source. Nevertheless, wind power will most likely be the most important renewable energy source in the pursuit of this goal. The role of wind power in the energy system is changing.
In just a few years, wind power has gone from being a marginal energy source to producing a significant part of Sweden’s electricity. Although there are no specific goals for the expansion of wind power in Sweden, there is every reason to expect that the importance of wind power will continue to increase over the next 20 years. This places new demands on the design and planning of future energy systems.
On the 28th of January, 2021, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish Energy Agency presented a joint national strategy for a sustainable wind power development. The strategy emphasizes the importance of improved consensus, predictability and legal certainty in the expansion and development of wind power. The authorities emphasize that the transition to a completely renewable energy system is not only a climate issue, but also an issue of competitiveness, security of supply and increased demands for a secure and robust electricity supply. The development of wind power also needs to take into account valuable nature, people’s living environment and a number of other societal interests. This publication intends to contribute to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s and the Swedish Energy Agency’s joint national strategy.
The location and development of large wind turbines is governed partly by the Environmental Code, and partly by the Planning and Building Act. All large wind power projects require a legal permit process that is handled by the county administrative board, whose environmental assessment delegation makes decisions on permit for developments. The municipality is responsible for the physical planning and must approve all wind power developments within the municipality, in accordance with the Environmental Code. The national strategy for a sustainable wind power development has recommend to the government that the municipal approval of wind projects occur early in the process and that such decisions be binding, as opposed to the situation today, when decisions can be changed any time prior to the project winning approval.
However, the location of developments such as wind turbines is governed not only by the Environmental Code but also by spatial planning. According to the Planning and Building Act (PBL), the management of land and water resources must include an open democratic process in which different societal interests are weighed against each other, at the same time as the rights of individuals are taken into account. An important prerequisite for the landscape perspective to be developed in general planning is the availability of knowledge and planning data that can contribute to making visible the connection between different values and important contexts in the landscape. A consistent idea in PBL is to create conditions for citizen influence through the statutory consultation and exhibition procedure. There are great similarities here with the European Landscape Convention’s basic ideas about the importance of participation in issues concerning the landscape. Municipalities and county administrative boards thus need, among other things, to produce and regularly update landscape analyses involving public participation in order to create a sustainable planning basis for wind power expansion in Sweden.
Health aspects
This chapter deals with aspects such as noise, shadows, discomfort, sleep disorders, symptoms and illnesses.
Wind turbines can be perceived as annoying by residents living in the vicinity. The main source of annoyance is the noise that occurs when the rotor blades pass through the air – a hissing, whistling or thumping sound – but also aircraft obstruction lights and shadow flicker are sources of annoyance.
At noise levels just below the current Swedish guideline value of 40 dBA, about 10 percent of people state that they are very annoyed by wind power noise. This proportion is comparable to the proportion of noise annoyance by road traffic at its corresponding guideline. This indicates that the current guideline for wind power noise is reasonable from an annoyance point of view. Shadow flicker can be experienced as very annoying, both outdoors and indoors.
Indirect negative health outcomes have been demonstrated in the form of increased prescribing of antidepressant medications and sleeping pills in Denmark. Relationships between wind power noise and self-reported sleep disorders have been reported in some studies, while other studies have not found such a relationship. Allegations that wind power carries a risk of “vibroacoustic disease”, “wind power syndrome” and the harmful effects of infrasound impact on the inner ear are unproven.
Social benefits and economy
This chapter covers the employment effects of wind power, compensation models, local business development, effects on other business sectors and on property values, as well as local benefits and various compensation models.
According to calculations by the Swedish Energy Agency, wind power’s electricity production needs grow by fivefold by the year 2040 if the target of 100 percent renewable energy production is to be reached. This means an that wind power could comprise at least 100 TWh per year, and that 1 percent of Sweden’s land area will be used by wind farms.
Every wind power establishment creates jobs during the construction on site and during the turbines’ operating time of about 25 years. Based on detailed Swedish studies, the employment generated by each 2.35 MW turbine can be estimated to 8.33 annual jobs during the construction time and 8.66 annual jobs during the operating time; in total 17 annual jobs per turbine. It is of particular interest that the operating time is estimated to give more jobs than the construction time.
Owners of the land where wind turbines are built receive an annual rent from the turbines’ owner, who often, in accordance with established custom, voluntarily contribute to a municipal development fund to finance local development projects. This is often used for investments in local leisure facilities or similar. There are interesting examples of how the municipal development funds are used as a basis for credit unions and thus as risk capital for local business development.
Regarding wind power’s impact on reindeer herding, the existing, limited research suggests that wind power should not be considered as a single factor, but as one of many (e.g. tourism, transport infrastructure, buildings in general) whose aggregate effects might be negative. There are also studies suggesting that reindeer to a certain extent are able to adapt to the environment around wind turbines.
Noise for those living closest to the turbines and negative impacts on the natural landscape are the two foremost reasons for local resistance against wind farms. International research shows different results regarding wind power’s possible impact on property values. A new Swedish study shows lower property values up to 8 km from wind turbines.Those affected in the immediate area often perceive the development of wind power as someone from the outside exploiting a common local resource. If the local benefit of the wind turbines is perceived as non-existent – or rather as a benefit to only the rent receiving landowners, information and consultation meetings achieve limited success in their efforts to create local acceptance. Possible ways to achieve a successful implementation of the current wind power strategy could be to investigate and test new models for local compensation and local co-ownership.
Landscape and planning
The chapter defines the concept of landscape, describes landscape analysis as a basis for planning and provides a citizen perspective on how landscapes are valued, managed and developed.
Each wind power development changes the landscape. The people who live and work in a particular area, and have a long-term relationship with the landscape, often interpret wind power in this landscape in other ways than outsiders such as experts, developers and representatives of authorities and society. This fact has several consequences for how planning of the wind power expansion should be done and with what knowledge as a starting point. Four aspects are particularly important:
- Knowledge of the landscape. In order to be able to make wise decisions, careful, well-thought-out planning of a wind power development is required, based on in-depth, concrete knowledge of what the landscape is and how everyone involved views its development and future.
- Holistic view. In a landscape analysis, the landscape’s knowledge, use and experience values should be brought together with historical connections, natural values and assessments of sensitivity and resilience into a descriptive and evaluative whole. The combined (cumulative) effects of different wind power projects need to be addressed.
- Expertise and local knowledge. Landscape analysis is a systematic approach, usually performed by experts with relevant expertise, to describe and interpret the landscape as a whole, based on generally applicable values. This does not mean that local knowledge is a less serious and less valuable form of knowledge that cannot contribute with important insights.
- Dialogue. The European Landscape Convention insists on the democratic importance of the inclusion of the public’s perceptions and local knowledge of the landscape in planning. Landscape analysis is expected to provide an overview of complex connections and values in the landscape and to serve as a basis for complementary dialogue with residents and stakeholders.
Social consequences and anchoring
This chapter addresses issues of public opposition (attitudes and participation), institutional conditions (planning and consultation), civic cooperation, communication and the project code of conduct.
How issues of justice, participation and trust are handled in the planning and preparation of a wind power development affects public acceptance and also the legitimacy of decision making in the area concerned. Research on participatory processes in the context of wind power shows how attitudes, trust and expectations are affected by the reception and response within planning to the public’s knowledge and the views of those concerned.
In the Swedish planning process and in permit processes for wind power developments, exploration consultations, delimitation consultations and planning consultations are often conducted. However, the formal regulations do not clarify what a good and constructive participation process should look like. As the so-called participation ladder shows, different levels of citizen dialogue and empowerment remain conceivable.
In the literature, however, the importance of a well-thought-out communication strategy is emphasized. The guide Participation processes around wind power projects provides detailed instructions on how such a process can be designed. In terms of content, the communication plan, as well as the basis for participation, must be adapted to each specific case.
For designers, the code of conduct is an important principle.
The so-called landmark model used in Dalarna County can serve as inspiration for public and preparatory talks on community planning and a sustainable future in a region. For wind power, however, landscape analysis is a more concrete and useful tool. A lively discussion about values in the landscape creates, not only understanding, but also a valuable foundation for environmental assessments and planning efforts.